Keeping an eye on your financial health during a divorce is essential. Even the most amicable divorce can have a significant impact on your finances. Knowing the laws that govern the division of assets during a divorce is an important first step in protecting your financial health throughout this difficult period.
Divorce can be a complicated and challenging process in which details are easily overlooked. Protecting your financial health during this time is crucial, and no one should enter this process without a trusted attorney (specializing in divorce) on his or her side. Equally important is knowing the laws that shape divorce proceedings, and the impact they can have on your assets.
DIVISION OF ASSETS
As a general rule, assets and property acquired during the course of a marriage are divided when spouses divorce. While there may be exceptions for individual inheritances, gifts to an individual spouse, and assets or property acquired before marriage, the big difference among states is what formula might be followed for the division. The state laws on this generally fall into one of two categories.
The division of assets in a divorce depends on the state where you live. Judges in community property states typically divide assets equally. Judges in common law property states typically apportion assets based on a variety of factors. The same is true for debts. Retirement assets are also divisible in a divorce.
- Common law property states are those where the judge may consider a wide range of circumstances before ordering a division. Among the factors are each spouse’s earning ability, the length of the marriage, and how much each spouse contributed to building household assets.
- Community property states are those in which assets and property acquired during the marriage are divided more or less equally.
Most states follow the common law principle. The exceptions are Alaska (community property optional), Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.
Don’t try to hide assets from the court, either by neglecting to mention them or transferring them after the proceedings have begun. This can trigger penalties and additional court actions.
DEALING WITH DEBT
Divorce does not eliminate debt, it divides it between the two spouses. But as with assets, practices differ.
- In a common law property state, each divorcing partner generally gets responsibility for the debts he or she incurred in individual accounts. Debt in joint accounts — or debt attached to jointly-owned property — is generally divided in the same way as the marital assets.
- In a community property state, debt — like your assets — is typically split down the middle, without regard to whether the debt had belonged to a joint account or to an individual account held by either spouse.
One important trap to avoid is maintaining joint accounts after the divorce. Your spouse could continue running up expenses and leave you with the debt. As soon as the divorce is finalized, freeze all joint accounts and have your creditors reclassify them as individual accounts. Most creditors will do this at your request, though they are not legally required to do so. To protect your credit rating, make sure to keep up with monthly payments.
If you and your spouse own a home that has appreciated in value, you may want to sell it before the divorce is finalized. Federal tax rules offer an exclusion of up to $500,000 in realized capital gains for married taxpayers. This amount is cut in half for single filers. Be sure to consult a tax advisor for additional information about these rules.
RETIREMENT ASSETS
Money in either spouse’s 401(k) or pension plan may legally be divided during a divorce. To claim a share of a spouse’s 401(k) or pension plan benefit, you need to obtain a court order called a Qualified Domestic Relations Order (QDRO) and provide it to your spouse’s plan sponsor before distributions are completed to your spouse. Qualified Domestic Relations Orders are used to protect the divorced spouse’s interest in future retirement payments.
If you do receive a share of a spouse’s 401(k) assets or pension plan benefit, it may be best to roll over your share immediately into an individual retirement account (IRA) to avoid taxes and maintain tax deferral. Above all, you should discuss this with your divorce attorney or a financial advisor familiar with divorce proceedings as soon as you anticipate a divorce.
ESTATE PLANNING
Be sure to review your will or, if you don’t have one, draw one up. You should consult an attorney familiar with your state’s estate laws to ensure that your assets are properly distributed. Do not wait until the divorce is final. You should review and amend your estate plan at the same time you decide to commence a divorce proceeding.
Also make sure to review beneficiary designations for pensions, 401(k)s, and life insurance policies. Federal law requires a spouse to be the sole beneficiary of pension or 401(k) benefits unless that right is waived in writing by the spouse.
If you find yourself faced with divorce, it is essential to protect your financial future. Enlisting the help of an attorney and carefully monitoring the process can ensure that your interests are considered and that you won’t need to revisit the proceeding later on.
If you would like to discuss this, or any other topic affecting your financial life, then please don’t hesitate to get in touch.
Laryssa Freeman, CFP® is a member of the Fee-Only Network. She offers two options for new clients depending upon their needs:
1) Project-Based Financial Planning Service on a flat fee basis. The implementation of the plan is done by the client. The scope of work for the Project-Based Financial Planning Service may include the following topics based on the client’s needs: Retirement Planning, Estate Planning, Development of Financial Goals, Investment Analysis, Risk Management, College Planning and Tax Planning Strategies.
2) Comprehensive Financial Planning which includes all of the services above plus investment management and financial plan implementation by Meritage Wealth Management.
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The opinions voiced in this material are for general information only and are not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any individual. This information is not intended to be a substitute for specific individualized tax or legal advice. We suggest that you discuss your specific situation with a qualified tax or legal advisor.
